Scientists reveal that an ‘electronic nose’ can distinguish between molecules found in the breath of head-and-neck cancer patients and those of healthy people, according to the results of a small, initial study published in the British Journal of Cancer.

Researchers from Technion – Israel Institute of Technology collected breath samples from 82 people from three groups: head-and-neck cancer patients, lung cancer patients and healthy people. The team examined the differences in the molecules present in the exhaled breath of each group using tailor-made detection equipment called the Nano Artificial NOSE (NA-NOSE).

The NA-NOSE was able to distinguish between molecules found in the exhaled breath of head-and-neck cancer patients and healthy volunteers. It also distinguished between lung cancer patients and healthy controls, and, between head-and-neck and lung cancer groups.

Each year in the UK around 8,700 people are diagnosed with head-and-neck cancer. The category comprises different tumour types occurring in the tissues or organs in the head and neck, for example salivary glands and mucus membranes. Head-and-neck cancer is often diagnosed late, because it lacks specific symptoms. Head-and-neckHNC patients often develop a second primary tumour that can affect a patient’s entire respiratory system including lungs.

Lead researcher, Professor Hossam Haick, at the Technion, said: “There is an urgent need to develop new ways to detect head-and-neck cancer. Detection of the disease is complicated, requiring specialist examinations and the disease is often diagnosed late”.

This is the largest graduate housing project in the Technion and one of the largest building projects in Haifa in recent years; 60 apartments are already occupied, with residents paying low rents – starting from 1,400 ₪ per month, including city taxes & cable TV

On the 18^th of March 2009, the philanthropist Shalom Zielony laid the cornerstone for the Graduate Students Village and dedicated the new Student Union Building, which had been completely rebuilt and expanded through his generous gift.

The Graduate Students Village was built on the top slope of the campus, in the southwest section and overlooks the breathtaking vista of Haifa and Haifa Bay. It has many different kinds of apartments, from 2-4 rooms, ranging in size from 60 to 100 sq m. Some apartments look out to the panorama of Haifa Bay and others front onto a grove of trees. The buildings were built using ‘green’ construction methods, with the highest level thermal insulation, and careful planning to ensure that they blended in with the nearby stand of trees. The buildings are inter-connected by a series of bridges and each apartment has a parking space. The head of Technion’s building unit, Dan Ordan, said that in total 22,000 sq m were constructed, and in the near future construction of a large community center will begin. The community center will have four kindergartens and a social hall accommodating 200 people.

The new village has four full equipped playgrounds for children, each one appropriate for a different age. The village buildings are interconnected, as are the playgrounds, through a series of bridges so that the children do not have to walk on the road and cars will only have access through a perimeter road running around the village.

Architect Gabi Schwartz explained that “the project is engaged in a dialogue with its surroundings and nature. We strove to develop only the necessary areas for building the buildings and not to obstruct the view of the residents nearby Ramat Alon,” he emphasized. According to him, by using the bridge system between the buildings, they created a “hanging boardwalk above nature” and enable free movement for the handicapped in a hilly area. The buildings were built in a north-south direction, which saves energy and exploits the regional climate correctly.

 “We put a lot of thought into the issue of community and meeting points,” added Gabi Schwartz. “The community center will also be linked to the buildings by bridges.”

Technion president, Prof. Peretz Lavie, when visiting the site, said that the village was built as part of Technion’s efforts to provide graduate students with high quality of life and enable those among them with families to live on campus in good, low rental apartments. “The new Graduate Students Village constitutes another important part of the basket of incentives the Technion gives its graduate students,” he added. “We see great importance in increasing the number of Master’s and doctoral students, in light of their great contribution to the country’s economy and security, to the Technion and to Israeli academia.”

Students will pay an especially low rent in comparison to prices for rental of apartments in Haifa in general and in the Neve Sha’anan neighborhood and the city of Nesher adjacent to the Technion. For a two-room apartment the rent is 1,400 ₪; for 3 rooms, 1,700 ₪; and for 3.5-4 rooms, 1,900 ₪. The rent includes city taxes, cable TV and maintenance. Every apartment has a storeroom and is furnished with a refrigerator, oven, closets and desk.

The Student Union Building is located in the heart of the campus. It houses the student union offices, restaurants, cafés, a movie theatre, and a music hall and rooms. The renovated Student Union Building also has a multipurpose social hall where open days, job fairs, parties, end of the year celebrations, performances, folkdances and dance classes are held. In the main entrance level foyer there is a multimedia area with a large screen television. A guest hall, situated above the level where the restaurants and cafés are, affords students a quiet area for resting or reading.

The student services area in the Student Union Building includes the offices of the representatives of the tax authorities, social insurance institute, telephony service providers, insurance agents and other service providers.

Shalom Zielony, born in Jerusalem but raised in Haifa, is one of the Technion’s most important donors and a true friend of Technion. After serving in the Hagana and the IDF in the War of Independence, he settled in Canada and developed an advanced machine for processing wood and innovative ways to improve loading of ships making trans-Atlantic trips. After he moved to the U.S., in 1967 Zielony founded P.E.S., a company focused on distribution of scientific literature around the world. It was the first American company to use airmail to transport scientific journals and thus became a key global figure in the distribution of scientific and professional literature and a primary distribution channel for scientific publishers.

Shalom Zielony is dedicated to strengthening the state of Israel through bolstering its scientific and technological resilience. In 2003 he received an honorary doctorate from the Technion for recognizing Technion’s essential role in advancing and strengthening the state of Israel and in gratitude for his great support in promoting the academic abilities of Technion students and staff, and the Technion environment. Shalom Zielony helped the Technion finance the hiring of new faculty members, was among the first donors in the area of nano-technology, set up the Shalom Zielony Plaza in the heart of the campus and the scenic promenade leading out of it, and promotes the welfare of students through the Center for Advancement of Students, which he unstintingly supports. He has now established a new Student Union Building and a unique and beautiful Student Village for all the students he truly loves.

Above: Technion president, Professor Peretz Lavie, visiting the new apartment of Helena Ivanova. Her husband, Mario, is studying for a graduate degree in physics. Photo by: Shlomo Shoham, Technion Spokesman

16 are “serial” overachievers

83 students from the “Atidim” program are on the Dean’s List and the President’s List at the Technion. 16 of these students are “serial” overachievers. The “Atidim” program, begun at the Technion, is intended to advance young talented people from the country’s periphery and help them gain admission to Israeli academia. Many of these outstanding young people are electrical and aeronautical engineering students. 16 of them are on the President’s List.

Since its establishment, the “Atidim” program has amassed more than 1,900 alumni. Today, an additional 1,200 “Atidim” students are studying in academic institutions around the country. More than 900 of these young people are studying engineering, sciences and medicine at the Technion, which has led the program since its inception.

The students who participate in the “Atidim” program are individually mentored, both socially and academically, as well as given financial assistance – their tuition is covered and they receive a lap top and a stipend scholarship. Each student in the program is required to participate in a community aid activity. Today, “Atidim” students constitute 40% of all IDF reserve soldier-students.

Chai Moshe Algavay from Or Akiva is studying mechanical engineering (fourth year) and has been on the Dean’s List four times. His parents are retired but his mother continuesto work as a caregiver. He has seven brothers. He was first accepted to the Technion’s Center for Pre-University Education, and after completing the program successfully, was accepted by the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering.

Chai volunteers in the “Hesagim (Achievements)” Non-profit Association and in the past mentored young students in Or Akiva preparing to take the psychometric test.

Brothers David and Shmuel Keter from Yerucham are also outstanding students. David is on the Dean’s List and Shmuel is on the President’s List. Both brothers are studying in the Faculty of Computer Science. Their life story is completely different than those of other outstanding students. Their father, Lars (today Elkana) was born in Sweden and raised in a Christian home with three brothers and sisters. After he married Ann (today Hannah), he began feeling a closeness to Judaism and started looking into his roots. He checked the libraries and the churches and found that his forefathers had been Jews who converted to Christianity. Because most descendants of the “Anousim” (crypto-Jews) in Sweden arrived via Holland (and to Holland from Spain), Lars decided to go to Spain to study theology. As his studies in Judaism and the Hebrew language progressed, he settled with his family in Toledo. After a number of years he learned that many descendants of “Anousim” like him live in South America. His entire family moved to Guatemala. The Keter brothers were then aged 12-14.

While still in Spain, Lars started a Jewish studies learning group on the Internet and he continues this activity today. He also studied Judaism in the local university and earned a doctorate in theology. The family’s children studied in the American school and today they speak four languages – Swedish, Spanish, English and Hebrew.

In 2006, after undergoing conversion, the family came on aliya. They settled in the agricultural settlement of Te’ashur in the Negev and the children went to the “Eshel Hanasi” school. They barely knew Hebrew but finished their first year in Israel as outstanding students with fluent Hebrew. “One of the girls in my class, who had learned Spanish from the tela novellas, helped me a lot,” smiles David. “We were given private lessons and the school helped us get absorbed quickly,” adds Shmuel. Sara, their younger sister, also integrated into the school well. She recently married a newly religious new immigrant from Spain. They met while studying at Yeshivat HaKotel.

Shmuel, the eldest, wanted to enlist in the army in a combat unit immediately upon graduation but his parents convinced him that he could “contribute more with his head that with his prowess”. He registered at the Beer Sheva College. The principal very quickly saw that his young student was bored. “Go to the Technion,” he told him. The family was already living in Yerucham, where his parents were building an ecological house with their own hands and Shmuel registered for the Center for Pre-University Education, which he completely successfully. Today he is in his third year of computer science and has been on the President’s List three times.

David, his brother, followed him. He also completed the Center for Pre-University Education, is in his second year of computer science and is on the Dean’s List.

Shmuel does not regret abandoning a musical career (he is a gifted violinist) and continues to play in the Technion orchestra. David did not abandon the field of graphics and continues to draw, now on the computer.

“We made a big change in our lives and we are very happy,” they say. “Father grew up in Sweden in the middle of a forest and now he is building a home in the middle of the desert, from blocks and bottles, with energy coming from desert winds. We are continuing in computers, which we love and we hope that we will be able to contribute to the IDF and the state, in this field in which we do so well.”

Above: Shmuel (on the right) and David Keter. Photo by: Yossi Shrem, Technion Spokesman

Professor Yeshayahu (Shay) Lifshitz of the Faculty of Materials Engineering at the Technion is counted among the world’s 100 leading scientists in the last decade in the field of materials, according to the list published by “Thomson Reuters”, which appeared in “The Times” higher education supplement. He is the only Israeli appearing in the list, which surveys the achievements of around a half million researchers in the world in the field of materials.

This list and a second one listing the world’s 100 leading chemists in the last decade were prepared following UNESCO’s desginating 2011 the “International Year of Chemistry”. Scientists whose papers published since 2000 have had the highest impact on the scientific community as reflected in the average number of citations per paper appear in the list. “Thomson Reuters” provides integrated information services to different communities, among which is the academic community. The company examined the citations of papers of about a half million researchers in the field of materials in the last ten years and the one hundred scientists who were selected constitute the top 0.02 percent leading materials researchers.

In the picture: Professor Yeshayahu Lifshitz. Photo by: Technion Spokesman

They have thereby added a crucial addition to Gibb’s theory of 1878, which partially explained what happens when different materials come into contact; the discovery has far-ranging implications for improving the bonding of different materials

“In the 1980s scientists showed that there is a very thin layer between crystals, so thin that it could not be defined as liquid or solid,” explains Professor Wayne D. Kaplan, Dean of the Department of Materials Engineering at the Technion. “Researchers around the world had been unable to understand why this layer exists and if it is a temporary state or in a state of equilibrium so that, therefore, it is permanent. Researchers knew that it exists at the interface between ceramic crystals, as well as on the surface of ice (water-like layer which allows us to ice-skate), but there was still a big argument about the cause of this phenomenon and its properties.”

In her doctoral work carried out under the supervision of Prof. Kaplan and in cooperation with Dr. Dominique Chatain from the French research institute CNRS, Dr. Mor Baram proved, through a long series of experiments, that a layer exists at the interface between metals and ceramic materials, and apparently also at the interface between metals and semi-conductors. “This phenomenon enables us to ice-skate, reduces the mechanical properties of ceramic materials at high temperatures, but seemingly contributes to the stability of innovative micro-electronic devices,” says Prof. Kaplan.

The Technion researchers conducted experiments never done before, using the new “Titan” electron microscope and FIB, the latter being kind of a workshop on the nanometer scale. They plated sapphire with a thin film of gold, 0.6 microns thick (for comparison, a single strand of hair is 80-100 microns thick). The researchers heated the samples until they reached equilibrium; that is, until the gold films broke-up into billions of tiny gold crystals atop the sapphire. In parallel, there was a source of elements on top of the sapphire that the researchers already knew played a role in the layer between different materials (in their experiment – silicon and calcium). As the samples equilibrated, the calcium and silicon moved to the interface between the gold and sapphire and a thin layer, 0.0012 microns thick (1.2 nanometers), was created naturally, just 4-5 atoms wide.

 “We successfully measured the energy stored between the gold and sapphire in the presence of the thin layer and proved by this that its presence layer decreases the energy of the interface, and therefore improves its stability,” explains Prof. Kaplan.

This scientific discovery by Technion researchers has technological implications, because this understanding will enable scientists to improve the resilience of the bond between ceramic materials and metals, two types of materials that “do not like” to come into contact. Examples include the join of missile domes to the missle body, the connection between metal conducting wires and chips in computers, and the protective ceramic coating on blades of jet engines.

Above: Professor Wayne D. Kaplan

As part of Technion’s traditional “Technbrain” competition, students will compete against each other by releasing the world’s longest yo-yo from a 30 meter high crane. The yo-yo will have to run back up a 20 meter long rope, to its maximum height and then drop down again and run up a number of times to a minimum of over 5 meters. A team of judges will measure the maximum height the yo-yo reaches on its first ascent after release from the crane and the number of times it loops up and down.

The crane will have a compartment in which the yo-yo will be placed. The compartment’s floor will open and the yo-yo will be released downward. Competitors are not allowed to use an external energy source and the dynamic rope will be supplied to them by the competition organizers. Winners will receive 10,000 ₪, 5,000 ₪, and 3,000 ₪ (1^st, 2^nd and 3^rd places, respectively).

The “Technbrain” competition is held at the Technion in memory of Neev-Ya Durban, who first envisioned and thereafter established the competition, and was a student and outstanding Technion graduate. Neev-Ya was an officer in the IDF when he was murdered during a mugging on a quiet street in Tel Aviv in March 2003. The competition and the prizes are funded by Dr. Robert Shillman (who everyone knows as “Dr. Bob”), who did his graduate work at the Technion.

Technion President, Prof. Peretz Lavie: “The Technion has lost a beloved friend, a visionary technology pioneer – a giant of his generation. My profound condolences to Marilyn and the family.”

The worldwide Technion family deeply mourns the loss of Henry Taub, who passed away in New Jersey on March 31, 2011, at the age of 83.View Post

Henry Taub was one of the Technion’s greatest and most revered friends. His four decades of devoted service included numerous key leadership roles, including President of the American Technion Society (1974 – 1976) and Chairman of the International Board of Governors (1990 – 2003). The Technion honored him with it highest tributes: Honorary Doctor (1983) and the Technion Medal (1998).

A man of great vision and generosity, Henry Taub left his imprint on every aspect of life at the Technion and on the development of the campus. Among the projects he and his wife Marilyn promoted were the Henry and Marilyn Taub and Family Science and Technology Center, a Technion campus landmark and home to its Faculty of Computer Science, considered one of the best in the world; the Leaders in Science and Technology Faculty Recruitment Program; and the Henry and Marilyn Taub Fund for the Future.

Chairman of the Technion Board of Governors, Lawrence S. Jackier, and Chairman of the Technion Council, Yoram Alster, said “the State of Israel has lost a true friend, who understood that the future of Israel depends on the quality of its higher education and advanced technology, and strongly supported young scientists.”

Henry Taub was a visionary businessman and technology pioneer. In 1949, at the age of 22, he founded Automatic Payrolls Inc., now known as Automatic Data Processing, the leading provider of computerized payroll and benefits management services to employers in the U.S.

In addition to his decades of devoted service to the Technion, Henry Taub held active leadership roles in a variety of charitable, educational and cultural organizations such as the American Joint Distribution Committee, the United Israel Appeal, New York and Columbia universities, Interfaith Hunger Appeal and the New York Shakespeare Festival/Public Theater.

The Technion sends its most heartfelt condolences to his beloved wife Marilyn Taub, his children Ira Taub, Judith Gold and Steven Taub, his grandchildren and the entire Taub family.

Above: Henry Taub

So warns Professor Amos Nur of Stanford University’s Department of Geophysics, who gave a lecture at the Technion as part of the Nancy and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program: “China and the U.S. compete in developing Middle East oil resources.” This issue has sparked eight wars in the last twenty years, from the Gulf War up to Libya, and according to Nur, the situation will worsen.

In a lecture he gave in the framework of the Nancy and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program, Prof. Nur said that many wars have been sparked because of oil shortages, and just in the last twenty years there have been eight such wars. According to him, the objective of the First Gulf War had been to change the regime in Iraq the country with the second largest oil reserves in the world (Saudi Arabia is the largest), and privatize its oil sector. The September 11 attacks stemmed from Bin Laden’s disgust with the American support of the Saudi royal family, which controls the oil resources, and his demand for a more equal division of the Saudi royal family’s money.

The Egyptian crisis, which has led to a change in government, is also connected to oil. The population increase, on the one hand, and the dwindling of oil wells, on the other, changed Egypt in the last few years from an oil exporter into an oil importer, which means not enough revenue from oil sales for food subsidies. As a result, the prices of food doubled and gas prices went up tens of percent, fueling the masses’ anger with Mubarak. The fact that Libya is an oil exporter to the West has also been a reason for intervening in the present crisis. The West hopes to ensure that a democracy replaces Qaddafi, so that one madman does not control all of Libya’s oil reserves.

Energy in general and oil in particular are the largest economic sector in the world generating about 10 trillion dollars. Notwithstanding, oil resources are limited and the tendency is, with their discovery, to consume them rapidly. As a result, many countries are already producing as much as they can and the amounts being produced are decreasing. The U.S. reached its peak in 1971, and after its rising population curve and declining oil production curve met, the U.S. became an oil importing nation. Today the U.S. imports about two-thirds of its oil needs and in another decade this will reach 80%.

China, too, became an oil importer following the huge rise in its living standard. If in the beginning, China looked for and developed oil resources in relatively remote areas such as Darfur in Sudan, today it is competing with the U.S. in everything related to influence on oil resources especially in the Middle East. Hence, for example, China opposes sanctions on Iran in order to ensure itself oil.

 “In the end, if the crisis is not handled prudently, it is likely to lead to a conflict between the two superpowers,” warms Prof. Nur. “Whoever thinks that this is unrealistic should remember that the U.S. and Japan were not enemies prior to World War II, but the Japanese decided to destroy the entire U.S. navy stationed in the Pacific Ocean in the Pearl Harbor attack and risk war just to guarantee itself access to Sumatra’s oil wells. Rommel also did not just race to destroy the Jews in Eretz Yisrael but to get control of the Middle East oil wells, especially those in Iraq that had already been discovered in the 1920s.”

Prof. Nur added that oil and gas production all over the world is close to reaching its peak, with the net amount being pumped larger than the amount being discovered in new wells. And yet, in contrast to 1971when the U.S. started importing oil from the rest of the world, and especially from the Middle East, which sold its oil as a low price, today the world does not have surplus oil as it did in the 1970s, and as a result, the competition will increase.

Prof. Nur also related to the subject of alternative energy by saying that even if we exploit alternative energy sources such as solar, wind, bio-mass and even nuclear energy on a scale equal to our use of oil, gas and coal today, in 50 years we will still need the same amount of oil and gas we need today because demand will by 2.5 times larger than today.

In relating to the discovery of natural gas in Israel, Nur said that one can compare Israel today to Norway of the 1950s and its discovery of oil in the North Sea, and because of its democratic foundation, the gas revenues will, in the end, reach the public and not remain in the pockets of one family, as in Saudi Arabia. Nevertheless, Israel should keep its gas for itself and resist the temptation to export it and get a fast return on its investment, for two reasons to ensure that it has a stable energy source for many years and to create high value-added products and export them, which is a lot more worthwhile that gas that is sold at a relatively low price.

As far as regards the Technion’s energy program, said Prof. Nur, it is vital, given that one of the problems is that “Israel barely has enough people who are familiar with the subject and now with the discovery of gas reserves in the sea, suddenly we do not have the necessary technical labor force to develop these resources properly.”

Above: Head of the Energy Program at the Technion, Prof. Gideon Grader (right), introducing Professor Amos Nur before his lecture. Photo by: Yossi Shrem, Technion Spokesman’s Office

The immediate application is development of innovative technology for treatment of worm parasites

The ability of two or more cells to fuse into one cell is essential for the initial development of an embryo (fusion of sperm and ovum) and for the development of body organs such as the skeleton, muscles and placenta. Despite the importance of the fusion process for human health and reproduction, the cell fusion mechanism is still unknown. Yet, certain enveloped viruses employ similar strategies, which have been deciphered in detail, to fuse and infect body cells of their host (e.g., flu and HIV).

In the laboratory of Professor Benjamin Podbilewicz, of the Technion’s Department of Biology, these processes are being unraveled. Critical proteins mediating the process in animals have now been identified for the first time, and their operating mechanism characterized at the molecular level.

In the research now being published, Ori Avinoam, a doctoral student with Prof. Podbilewicz, discovered that this fusion family (“FF”) of genes, initially discovered by their lab in C. elegans worms, also exists in other organisms and that when transferred to mammalian cells, they are sufficient to force any two cells to fuse. “In the beginning we thought that we had discovered a gene family that exists only in nematodes (worms),” says Prof. Podbilewicz. “We were surprised when we discovered that these genes also exist in other organisms, which makes them, or others similar to them, the leading candidates for being responsible for the fusion process between cells in all kingdoms of life.”

This discovery, in the future, will enable scientists to understand how cells in the human body fuse and then help treat diseases stemming from defects in the fusion process that are liable to cause serious problems in fertility and the musculoskeletal system.

Furthermore, the Technion researchers succeeded in expressing the worm proteins onto the virus-like envelope from Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (“pseudovirus”), which can enter only a single cell, once, but cannot multiply.  Normally, these enveloped viruses penetrate cells using proteins located on their envelopes. The Technion researchers switched their natural protein with an FF protein from a worm, and thus engineered a virus-like particle that can infect new types of cells. “In order for the fusion to take place,” explains Avinoam, “this protein must also be on the target cell. Since the nematode parasites have this protein, new pseudo-viruses should recognize and infect them. We can target treatment to each specific parasite.”

The researchers used electron microscopy and tomography to photograph the protein on the surface of the “pseudovirus” and saw that it creates flower-like structures (see the photograph). Graduate student, Karen Fridman, and researcher, Clari Valansi, also participated in the study, which was conducted in cooperation with Professor Judith White of the University of Virginia in the U.S., Professor Kay Grünewald of Oxford University in England, and Professor Dganit Danino of the Faculty of Biotechnology at the Technion.

Above: The virus-like VSV presenting the AFF-1 protein of the FF family from C. elegans on top of the pseudovirus envelope (left and in the enlargement). Top view (right), shows proteins forming a large complex having the shape of a flower (enlarged – bottom right). The photographs were taken by Dr. Tzvia Zeev Ben-Mordechai from Oxford University and Dr. Ulrike Maurer from the Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry.

Exhibition of the Founding of the Technion and the War of the Languages that was part of it has opened at the Haifa City Museum

The founding of the Technion was a defining cultural event for the Jewish settlement in the Land of Israel at that time, hugely important for the city of Haifa and later on – made an inestimable contribution to the state of Israel in all fields, and especially in the area of infrastructure, defense and economics.

The exhibition’s curator, Sventlana Reingold, said that she is coming to tell the story of the Technion’s founding, which took more than fifteen years, from 1908-1924. During this period, a battle over the teaching language in the institution, dubbed the “War of the Languages,” raged.

The “war” finished with the victory of the Hebrew language. This was a “war” of the people that shaped the national identity of the Hebrew settlement and was one of the milestones in the process of creating a new Hebrew culture.

The exhibition presents an important and significant part of the process of building Israeli culture, by showing the different positions driving the processes that produced the victory of the Hebrew language: formulization of the idea for establishing a technological-scientific institution in the land of Israel by the “Aid Association of German Jews” in Berlin; the Zionist educational perspective; selecting the site of the “Technikum”; the viewpoint of Alexander Baerwald – the architect who translated the vision into architectural language and designed the magnificent building on the slopes of the Carmel; the “War of the Languages” and its implications for the teaching language of the Reali School and of the “Technikum”; the move of the “Technikum” to nearby the Zionist Agency and the opening of its doors in 1924.

The exhibition has hundreds of photographs, films, books, models, documents, letters and rare collection items that are being shown to the public for the first time.

At the opening ceremony Nisim Tal, general manager of the Haifa museums, said that the exhibition was also inaugurating a new hall in the Templar school, which had been added to the Templar Assembly Hall, as part of the Haifa City Museums. He stressed that in all of the Ottoman Empire of that period, when the Technion was founded, there was not even one technological university worthy of its name.

Ms. Hedva Almog said that the exhibition brings to light a fundamental and valuable subject of concern for us in Israel – the subject of the Hebrew language. “Happily for us, the ‘battle’ about the Technion’s teaching language was decided a hundred years ago, but the war of the Hebrew language continues to this very day,” she added. “The language of today sounds like gibberish – a mixture of sounds that sometimes, for someone listening from the side, seems to be sounds that have no connection to each other.”

Technion president, Prof. Peretz Lavie, said that even the giants that envisioned the founding of the Technion more than a hundred years ago, did not dare dream that the Technion would be a world leading technological-scientific university, from which two Noble prize winners for chemistry, Professors Avraham Hershko and Aaron Ciechanower, would emerge, in which the anti-Parkinson drug Azilect would be developed by Professors Moussa Youdim and John Fineberg, whose researchers would make decisive contributions to such important fields and whose graduates would contribute so much to the defense and economic resilience of the state of Israel.

Above (from right to left): The curator, Svetlana Reingold, Hedva Almog, Prof. Peretz Lavie and Nisim Tal. Photograph: Yossi Carasso.

Technion Researchers  Develop a Model that Provides a Unique Explanation for the Way in Which Ultrasound Influences Living Cells

Cell membranes absorb energy from the ultrasound, expanding and contracting during its operation

Ultrasound is widely used in imaging devices. In the last decades, its use has increased also for treatment and therapy because it is non-invasive and can be pinpointed. But in most uses (at medium or low intensity) it is unclear how ultrasound heals and interacts with living cells. Over the past year, Technion researchers have developed a unique model that explains how ultrasound waves affect the living cell.

The researchers claim that the cell membranes absorb mechanical energy from the ultrasound pressure wave, expanding and contracting during its operation. The model was published in the American journal “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences” (PNAS).

“The model we developed predicts that the lipid bilayer membranes of the cell are capable of absorbing mechanical energy from the ultrasound field and translating it into expansion and contraction of the membrane’s internal space,” explains Prof. Eitan Kimmel of the Technion’s Faculty of Biomedical Engineering. “We have developed a unique model that is able to explain the interaction mechanism between ultrasound and biological tissue. The model integrates physics and bubble dynamics with the biomechanics of the cell and enables estimating the dynamic behavior of the bilayer membrane, which is made up of two layers of lipid molecules.”

Fifteen years ago, Prof. Kimmel exposed anesthetized goldfish to low intensities of ultrasound together with Dr. Victor Frenkel (during his doctoral research) and then showed under an electronic microscope the spread of cell membranes in the fish skin. But only now he has succeeded in understanding the meaning, using a model he developed together with Prof. Shy Shoham and Dr. Boris Krasovitski. In their collaborated studies Kimmel and Shoham stimulate neuron cells using ultrasound, giving special attention to the cell membrane.

“In the world of ultrasound, the common explanation is that during operation of the ultrasound machine tiny gas bubbles are produced (cavitation) which explode against the surface and are responsible for changes in the cells and tissue,” says Prof. Kimmel. “The FDA [US Federal Drug Administration] has determined a pressure amplitude limit under which bubbles are not anticipated and therefore, the assumption is that no damage is caused. Up until now, it was not known where the bubbles seen during high intensity ultrasound operation are produced in the body. We found the source of the bubbles. Where there are cells that are not entirely enclosed by dense tissue, there will be bubbles. If bubbles are seen in the blood vessels, we know that these are blood cells and their membranes have reacted to the ultrasound. Cell membranes under ultrasound look like layers of ‘bubble wrap.’ But this is a dynamic layer whose ‘bubble wrap’ expands and contracts with ultrasound operation.”

The Technion researchers have identified a wide range of medical uses such as drug introduction through the blood-brain barrier, stimulating nerves, pain suppression and facilitating blood vessel growth and shortening the healing times in wounds and fractured bones. On the other hand, it could be that it will be necessary to reevaluate the criteria for safe operation in order to reduce the risks of ultrasound. “When the membrane is opened and stretched – forces operate on the cell inside of it, on the cell skeleton and on the proteins found in the membrane,” states Prof. Kimmel. “Ultrasound interferes with their operations, which are vital for the life of the cell. At certain intensity, this can cause positive changes in the cell and at other intensities it could cause damage. Therefore, we recommend continuing investigation of the subject using the model we developed.”

The Leona M. and Harry B Helmsley Charitable Trust has given a $5 million grant to the Technion’s energy program.

The grant was attained through the American Technion Society (ATS) and the Grand Technion Energy Program (GTEP) and will be used for setting up the Helmsley Charitable Trust Energy Storage Complex and for supporting the “Leaders in Energy Science” program.

“The Helmsley Charitable Trust is proud to be associated with the Technion in this important project,” said Sandor Frankel, trustee of the Trust.

The Technion energy program aims to attract new and talented faculty members in the field of energy. The “Leaders in Energy Science” program will pay the salaries of and finance equipment for two new researchers for three years. Through a package of competitive research grants and excellent research infrastructure, the Technion can bring home talented potential faculty members that are currently working or studying abroad. “This is one of the main goals of the energy program, and we plan to recruit six new faculty members in the next six years,” said GTEP head Prof. Gideon Grader.

In light of the rapid dwindling of low-cost hydrocarbon energy sources and the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the development of clean energy is more pressing than ever. “The Helmsley Charitable Trust grant arrives just at the right time,” said Prof. Grader. “Part of the grant will be used to set up a laboratory complex at the Technion that will deal with the development and study of energy rich batteries. The Energy Storage Complex to be established at the Faculty of Materials Engineering will consist of three separate labs. In light of great interest in silicon-air batteries – a new battery developed by Prof. Yair Ein-Eli of the Faculty of Materials Engineering and the GTEP – there is a real and urgent need for further research and to develop the battery for commercial production.”

The battery is based on a reaction between silicon and atmospheric oxygen and promises significant environmental advantages due to its tiny size, long shelf life and, most important of all, a clean return of the silicon to its original state – sand. This research has future ramifications for the fields of transportation, health and electronics.

Technion researchers believe that within a year or two they will succeed in significantly increasing battery power. “We are trying to create a battery that will last months before it has to be replaced,” said Prof. Ein-Eli. “The dream is that they will also be rechargeable. We are in a race towards the battery of the future – will this be a metal-air battery of the lithium-air kind or aluminum-air or a silicon-air battery? I believe that silicon has significant advantages with respect to environment, cost and safety.”

Above: Prof. Gideon Grader