Micromachines Target Molecules Into Single Cells
Micromachines can target and introduce molecules into single cells
Research by Professor Gilad Yossifon of the Technion Faculty of Mechanical Engineering enables much more efficient and precise single-cell electroporation, targeted delivery and analysis
Professor Gilad Yossifon
Self-propelling micro-machines (“micro-swimmers”, “active particles”, “micro-motors”) are emerging as a promising microscale and nanoscale tool for single-cell analysis, drug delivery, environmental remediation, detoxification, self-repairing systems, self-motile devices and more. Motion is achieved by designing these particles to asymmetrically draw and dissipate energy, thus, creating local gradients of force for autonomous propulsion.
The current research has shown that by applying active particles as mobile microelectrodes, it is possible to control selective trapping, release and electroporation of single cells. This experimental tool for single-cell-based diagnosis of human disease and molecular biology can also serve as a new testing platform for cell therapies and targeted delivery.
The research, which was conducted by Professor Gilad Yossifon, of the Technion Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, with post-doctoral researchers Dr. Yue Wu (faculty of Mechanical engineering) and Dr. Afu Fu (faculty of Medicine), who are husband and wife, has just been published in Science Advances.
“We successfully demonstrated, for the first time, that an external electric field can singularly trap and transport bacteria and selectively electroporate the trapped bacteria,” explains Prof. Yossifon. This approach is generic and is applicable to bacteria and metallodielectric Janus particles (where one hemisphere is conducting and the other dielectric), as well as to a wide range of cell types and micromachine designs.
Dr. Yue Wu
Electroporation is a prevalent microbiology technique in which an electrical field is applied to cells in order to increase the permeability of the cell membrane, allowing chemicals, drugs or DNA to be introduced into the cell. It is frequently used for introducing DNA into bacteria cells, where the cells then “copy” the DNA. Currently, electroporation is commonly applied to a large number of cells at the same time, and it is not possible to carry out the process on a single targeted cell. The method developed by Prof. Yossifon, however, can navigate to a specific cell, breach the cell membrane, and introduce the molecules to that cell.
Biologists will be able to manipulate single cells using this new tool, which has many advantages over other studied approaches using cumbersome external micro-manipulators. The new platform is multi-functional and can introduce molecules either to single targeted cells, when combined with magnetic steering, or to many cells in parallel when many such micro-swimmers are allowed to move autonomously, increasing the electroporation yield and improving the results.
Dr. Afu Fu
This innovative “lab-on-a-particle” like platform uses self-propelling carriers to further advance diagnostic testing and sample analysis. It boasts the advantages of the traditional lab-on-a-chip, such as portability and efficiency, but is able to overcome such challenges as complexity and predetermined design. Similarly to nanochannel electroporation, the mobile microelectrode is able to perform local electroporation on a smaller portion of the cell, so that it is minimally invasive. As a result, it is expected to result in a significantly higher reversible electroporation yield.
The new method has been proven in vitro on bacteria. Prof. Yossifon is now expanding his research to include mammalian cells and various cargos.
Figure caption: Schematic illustration of selective bacteria trapping, transport and electroporation (red fluorescence) using a Janus particle as a mobile microelectrode and an applied electric field are shown.