{"id":83617,"date":"2011-11-28T10:13:00","date_gmt":"2011-11-28T08:13:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.technion.ac.il\/blog\/the-quasicrystal-caucus\/"},"modified":"2011-11-28T10:13:00","modified_gmt":"2011-11-28T08:13:00","slug":"the-quasicrystal-caucus","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.technion.ac.il\/en\/blog\/the-quasicrystal-caucus\/","title":{"rendered":"The Quasicrystal Caucus"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n
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\"\"<\/a><\/div>\n

\u201cThe most<\/span>important<\/span>thing about the<\/span>quasicrystals is<\/span>their meaning<\/span>for fundamental<\/span>science. They have<\/span>rewritten the<\/span>first chapter in<\/span>the textbooks of<\/span>ordered matter.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n

Prof. Sven Lidin, <\/span>Professor of Inorganic<\/span>Chemistry, Lund University. <\/span>Member of the Nobel <\/span>Committee for Chemistry<\/span><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n\n
\"File:Penrose<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
In the mid-1970s, mathematician <\/span>Prof. Roger Penrose<\/a>, of Oxford <\/span>University, created an aperiodic mosaic, <\/span>with a pattern that never repeats itself, <\/span>with just two different rhomboid tiles<\/span>
(a fat rhombus and a thin rhombus).<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
The page in Dan Shechtman\u2019s lab logbook recording his April 8th, 1982, discovery.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Meeting at the National Institute <\/span>of Standards and Technology <\/span>(NIST) in 1985 just months <\/span>after shaking the foundations <\/span>of materials science with <\/span>publication of his discovery of <\/span>quasicrystals, Dan Shechtman, <\/span>winner of the 2011 Nobel Prize <\/span>in Chemistry, discusses the <\/span>material\u2019s surprising atomic <\/span>structure with collaborators. From <\/span>left to right are Shechtman; Frank <\/a><\/span>Biancaniello<\/a>, NIST; Denis Gratias<\/a>, <\/span>National Science Research <\/span>Center, France; John Cahn<\/a>, NIST; <\/span>Leonid Bendersky<\/a>, Johns Hopkins<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>University (now at NIST); and<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Robert Schaefer<\/a>, NIST.<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n


\n<\/span><\/span>
\n200 years and <\/span>nobody noticed?<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n


\n<\/span><\/div>\n
How could quasicrystals<\/span>have evaded the community<\/span>of crystallographers for so<\/span>long? In addition to the vital<\/span>input of his collaborators,<\/span>says Shechtman, the<\/span>discovery required several<\/span>critical components. First,<\/span>it was necessary to make<\/span>esoteric, rather than useful,<\/span>rapidly cooled alloys.<\/span>Then a researcher would<\/span>have to study them with<\/span>a transmission electron<\/span>microscope, perform<\/span>numerous detailed analyses,<\/span>and finally face a fortress of<\/span>resistance to changing the<\/span>rules of understanding the<\/span>material world.<\/span><\/strong>
\n
\n<\/span><\/div>\n
A quasiperiodic crystal is a structure that is ordered <\/span>but not periodic. In quasicrystals, the symmetry is <\/span>broken: there are regular patterns in the structure <\/span>but the structure never repeats itself. A shifted copy <\/span>will never match exactly.<\/span>
\n
\n<\/span><\/div>\n
Back in the \u201980s when the new <\/span>class of matter was accepted <\/span>only by a few, it was dubbed<\/span>
\n\u201cShechtmanite,\u201d after the man <\/span>who led the field through <\/span>conception and infancy. The <\/span>name \u201cShechtmanite\u201d carried <\/span>the risk of humiliation if the <\/span>material turned out to be <\/span>\u201ctwinning\u201d (the intergrowth <\/span>of two separate crystals on a <\/span>shared lattice), as claimed by <\/span>Shechtman\u2019s opponents.<\/span><\/div>\n
Quasicrystal structure can <\/span>be understood through the <\/span>mathematical theory of tiling.<\/span>
\nInitially, however, Shechtman\u2019s <\/span>discovery was viewed with <\/span>skepticism. \u201cThe scandal of<\/span>
\npolywater was still in the air, and <\/span>I feared for my scientific and <\/span>academic career,\u201d says Shechtman.<\/span><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
(l-r) <\/span>John Werner Cahn, Dan Shechtman, Ilan Blech and Denis Gratias together on the<\/span>
occasion of an international congress on quasicrystals in France, 1995.<\/span>
\u00a9 CNRS Phototh\u00e8que – Pierre Grumberg<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
Shechtman returned to Technion, <\/span>where Dr. Ilan Blech<\/a> was the only <\/span>colleague who not only believed in <\/span>him but who agreed to cooperate <\/span>with him. Blech was able to decipher <\/span>Shechtman\u2019s experimental findings <\/span>and offered an explanation, known <\/span>as the Icosahedral Glass Model.<\/span>
\n
\n<\/span><\/div>\n
Together, the researchers wrote an <\/span>article that contained the model <\/span>and the experimental results, and <\/span>submitted it to the <\/span>Journal of Applied<\/span>Physics <\/span>in the summer of 1984. <\/span>The paper was rejected, resubmitted to <\/span>the journal <\/span>Metallurgical Transactions<\/span>, <\/span>and was published in 1985.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
In November 1984, <\/span>Physical Review<\/span>Letters <\/span>published Shechtman\u2019s <\/span>discovery in a scientific paper coauthored <\/span>with three other scientists: <\/span>Ilan Blech (Israel), Denis Gratias <\/span>(France) and John Cahn (USA). <\/span>Wider acclaim followed, mainly from <\/span>physicists and mathematicians and <\/span>later from crystallographers.<\/span><\/div>\n

\n<\/span><\/div>\n
Pioneering contributors to the <\/span>field of quasicrystals are Prof. Dov <\/a><\/span>Levine<\/a> of the Technion Faculty of <\/span>Physics and Prof. Paul Steinhardt<\/a> of <\/span>Princeton University. They made the<\/span>
\nconnection between a theoretical <\/span>tenfold symmetry model proposed by <\/span>Prof. Alan Mackay and Shechtman\u2019s <\/span>diffraction pattern, and developed <\/span>the mathematical model for the <\/span>structure of non-periodic icosahedral <\/span>phases found in metallic alloys. <\/span>Steinhardt and Levine published an <\/span>article in 1984 where they described <\/span>quasicrystals and their aperiodic <\/span>mosaics.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
Quasicrystals first got their name <\/span>in this article!<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n

\n<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n
Dov Levine <\/span>(left) <\/span>with Paul Steinhardt <\/span>(right)\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
at the Technion Faculty of Physics in 2006.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n

\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
In August 1986, David R. Nelson <\/span>wrote in <\/span>Scientific American<\/span>, <\/span>\u201cShechtmanite quasicrystals are <\/span>no mere curiosity. The study of <\/span>quasicrystals has tied together two <\/span>existing branches of theory: the <\/span>theory of metallic glasses and the <\/span>mathematical theory of aperiodic <\/span>tilings. In doing so it has brought new <\/span>and powerful tools to bear on the <\/span>study of metallic alloys. Questions <\/span>about long- and short-range <\/span>icosahedral order should occupy <\/span>solid-state physicists and materials <\/span>scientists for some time to come.\u201d<\/span>
\n
\n<\/span><\/div>\n
Today, over 40 scientific books have <\/span>been dedicated to quasiperiodic <\/span>crystals, and the International <\/span>Union of Crystallography has <\/span>changed its basic definition of a <\/span>crystal, reducing it to the ability <\/span>to produce a clear-cut diffraction <\/span>pattern and acknowledging that <\/span>crystallographic order can be either <\/span>periodic or aperiodic.<\/span><\/div>\n

\n<\/span><\/p>\n
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\u201cThe mostimportantthing about thequasicrystals istheir meaningfor fundamentalscience. They haverewritten thefirst chapter inthe textbooks ofordered matter.\u201d Prof. Sven Lidin, Professor of InorganicChemistry, Lund University. Member of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry In the mid-1970s, mathematician Prof. Roger Penrose, of Oxford University, created an aperiodic mosaic, with a pattern that never repeats itself, with just two different… Continue Reading The Quasicrystal Caucus<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-83617","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nThe Quasicrystal Caucus - \u05d4\u05d8\u05db\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05df-\u05de\u05db\u05d5\u05df \u05d8\u05db\u05e0\u05d5\u05dc\u05d5\u05d2\u05d9 \u05dc\u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.technion.ac.il\/en\/blog\/the-quasicrystal-caucus\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Quasicrystal Caucus - \u05d4\u05d8\u05db\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05df-\u05de\u05db\u05d5\u05df \u05d8\u05db\u05e0\u05d5\u05dc\u05d5\u05d2\u05d9 \u05dc\u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u201cThe mostimportantthing about thequasicrystals istheir meaningfor fundamentalscience. They haverewritten thefirst chapter inthe textbooks ofordered matter.\u201d Prof. Sven Lidin, Professor of InorganicChemistry, Lund University. 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